Medical dictionary

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Jaundice: a blood disorder caused by the abnormal buildup of bile pigments in the bloodstream.
Jejunum: part of the small intestine.
Joint: a structure by which two bones are joined together. Normal joints consist of a smooth layer of cartilage overlying the bone end, which allows freedom of movement and acts as a shock absorber. Surrounding the joint is a layer of tissue called the synovium, which secretes a thick sticky fluid (synovial fluid) that lubricates and nourishes the cartilage. The whole structure is surrounded by a tough, strong, capsule, and thick bands called ligaments, which help to keep the joint stable and hold the various parts in place.
Joint failure: osteoarthritis.
Joint hypermobility: characterised by increased joint range; generalised joint laxity is a genetically-determined disorder of connective tissue.
Joint - replacement surgery: (also known as arthroplasty - meaning literally 'to refashion a joint'); a very effective way of relieving pain and improving function in a badly damaged joint. Hip and knee replacements have been successfully established for decades; around 50,000 total hip replacements (THR) are now performed every year. Joint replacement operations are also being carried out on the shoulder, elbow, ankle and even finger.
Juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA): a rare disease affecting one in 1,000 children. In the USA it is sometimes referred to as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. It is more than the usual aches and pains in the joints (which can be caused by strenuous exercise, stress, viral illnesses, or even cold). Chronic arthritis may be suspected when one or other of the joints remain inflamed for several months and no other cause can be found.

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